“The task of the leader is to get his people from where they are to where they have not been.”
Former Secretary of State Henry Kissinger
Enzo, our new guide dog puppy from Guide Dogs of America is finally getting outside to get acquainted with the sights and sounds of traffic, buses, other people and dogs.
We can tell right away that is certainly isn’t the alpha dog around others but he is curious to approach and play with any size dog. It’s interesting to see who turns out to be the true leader in a pack, who the true bully is and who follows.
Who emerges as leaders in groups is practically important in every organization.
One of the things our company has done for the past 20 years is to identify and develop future leaders using developmental assessment centers and skills-based 360-degree feedback ((Nowack, K. (1997). Congruence Between Self and Other Ratings and Assessment Center Performance,  Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, Volume 12, 145-166)). These are almost always several days long and encompass a wide range of exercises, simulations and assessments observed by other psychologists and training assessors.
In each assessment center we always create one or two leaderless group exercises (e.g., problem solving or consensus seeking) measuring leadership, interpersonal and problem solving behaviors. We always ask participants at the end of the exercise to rank and rate each other (a very difficult and challenging task) and we use this data to help identify how our own perceptions of who emerges as leaders matches with those of the other participants. We also try to compare these results with one of our own 360 feedback assessments being used to evaluate interpersonal competence like our Emotional Intelligence View 360 (EIV360).
One universal observation is that the most dominant members (those who come across as verbal, confident and the most talkative) appear to emerge initially as the leader in a group but many, if not most, tend to fade into the sunset. A couple of new studies tend to illuminate what we have seen for many years.
Personality Attributes of Those Who Wind Up Actually Leading Groups
There has been a great deal of research validating the “five factor†personality model and its relationship to leadership effectiveness (and health). These “five factors†tend to commonly be known as Extroversion (assertiveness, positive affect), Emotional Stability (negative affectivity, stress tolerance), Openness to Experience (risk taking, artistic predispositions, openness), Conscientiousness (achievement striving, dependability, organized) and Agreeableness (caring for others, collaborative).
A study by Tim Judge and colleagues at the University of Florida has analyzed how these five factors are related to leadership emergence and effectiveness ((Judge, T. et al., (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 50-66)).
They found that extroversion emerged as the most consistent correlate of leadership when controlling for the other Big Five traits. His findings suggest that Extroversion is the most important trait of leaders and effective leadership (Note: extroversion was more strongly related to leader emergence than to leader effectiveness). These results for Extroversion make sense, as both sociable and dominant people are more likely to assert themselves in group situation, but the most talkative appear most “leader like†initially.
Do Dominant Group Members Begin as Leaders?
In two very recent studies by Cameron Anderson at UC Berkeley, dominant leaders appeared to achieve influence in their groups in part because they were seen as more competent by fellow group members ((Anderson, C., & Kilduff, G. (2009). Why do dominant personalities attain influence in groups? A competence-signaling account of personality dominance. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 96, 491-503))
To measure task competence, they included ratings of task expertise and general cognitive abilities. To measure social competence, they included ratings of leadership and verbal skills by observers. They used a set of group exercises that was designed to be engaging and evoke a lot of discussion. After all group sessions had been conducted, outside observers watched a videotape of the sessions and rated group members on the same dimensions on which group members rated each other.
Consistently, the group members who spoke up the most were rated the highest for such qualities as “general intelligence” and “dependable and self-disciplined.” The ones who didn’t speak as much tended to score higher for less desirable traits, including “conventional and uncreative.”
These findings suggest that dominant individuals (social, talkative, confident) may emerge as early leaders in group settings by appearing helpful to the group’s overall success as opposed to aggressively grabbing power. It seems that dominance leads to influence at least in part because it entails more confident and initiative-taking behaviors. An overwhelming 94% of the time the groups in the study used the first answer anyone shouted out — mostly ignoring the ideas of others even if they were actually better.
Anderson and his colleagues also designed a second study to evaluate if it was possible that people who talked more did so because they simply had more to contribute. They found that people who spoke up more were again more likely to be described by other group members as “leaders†and likelier to be rated as competent in the task they were working on. Just being more verbal and assertive seemed to signal “leadership presence†to the other group members initially.
Do Dominant Leaders at the Beginning Remain Valued Over Time?
One way to answer this question is to review a classic study by Palhaus who explored the emergence of leadership in groups ((Paulhaus, D. (1998). Interpersonal and intrapsychic adaptiveness of trait self-enhancement: A mixed blessing? Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 197-208)). His study and findings can be summarized below:
- Two longitudinal studies (7 weeks) explored leadership dynamics in unstructured groups in which participants were strangers
- Narcissism predicted making a strong initial impression and being selected as leader
- These individuals were subsequently rated negatively by the group as a result of arrogance and high-handedness at the end of the 7 week period
His findings suggest that just acting confident and speaking up seem to be the initial ingredients for the emergence of leadership. Why they do isn’t really clear because most group theories suggest that people can’t attain influence simply by behaving assertively and forcefully—they really need to have intelligence and skills.
So, if you want to fake being “leader like†it appears you just need to talk – and talk a lot when you first get into new groups. If you want to remain being seen as a leader you might consider trying harder to learn from others than assert your own ideas and opinions.
It’s fun to get together with all the other guide dog puppy raisers and to watch the young leaders interact. It’s even more fun based on their interactions to try to guess who will actually emerge to become a guide dog leader in the future. Right now, Enzo seems more interested in “playing” then leading around other dogs…we are hoping he has the right stuff to be followed as he gets older and more mature…Be well…
Ken Nowack
Kenneth Nowack, Ph.D. is a licensed psychologist (PSY13758) and President & Chief Research Officer/Co-Founder of Envisia Learning, is a member of the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations. Ken also serves as the Associate Editor of Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research. His recent book Clueless: Coaching People Who Just Don’t Get It is available for free for a limited time by signing up for free blog updates (Learn more at our website)
